![]() ![]() Sama-Bajau: balyan, wali jinn, dukun, papagan, pawang, bomoh, kalamat (diviner), panday (healer, midwife).Manobo: beylan, baylanen (also baylanon), manhuhusay (mediator, keeper of traditions, also tausay), manukasey (healer against sorcery), walian or walyan, diwata (head shaman).Mamanwa: baylan, binulusan, sarok, tambajon (healer, also tambalon).Maguindanao: walian (female shaman, midwife), pendarpa'an (medium), pedtompan (medium), tabib (healer), pangagamot ( healer, also ebpamanggamut), ebpamangalamat (diviner).Karay-a: ma-aram, mangindaloan (healer), soliran (diviner, also soli-an).Kapampangan: katulunan (also catulunan).Kankana-ey: manbunong (medium), mansib-ok (healer), mankotom (diviner, also mankutom).Ivatan: machanitu (medium), maymay (midwife), mamalak (diviner).Ilocano: baglan, mangoodan, manilao, mangalag (medium), mangngagas (herbalist).Ifugao: mandadawak, dawak, insupak, mon-lapu, tumunoh, alpogan, mumbaki, manalisig (apprentice).Bikol: balyán, balyán-a, balyana, paraanito, paradiwata.Banwaon: babaiyon (also the female datu of the tribe).Aeta/Agta: anitu, puyang (also poyang, pawang, pauang), huhak (diviner).However, different ethnic groups had different names for shamans, including shamans with specialized roles. ![]() More general terms used by Spanish sources for native shamans throughout the archipelago were derived from Tagalog and Visayan anito ("spirit"), these include terms like maganito and anitera. However, the linguists Robert Blust and Stephen Trussel have noted that there is no evidence that *balian is a suffixed form, and thus believe that Dempwolff's interpretation is incorrect. The linguist Otto Dempwolff has also theorized that *balian may have ultimately derived from Proto-Austronesian *bali ("escort", "accompany") with the suffix *-an, in the meaning of "one who escorts a soul to the other world (a psychopomp)". It also survives among some Muslim Filipinos like in Maranao walian, although the meaning has shifted after Islamization. Some exceptions include Bikol where it persisted and acquired the Spanish feminine suffix -a as balyana. However *balian-derived terms have largely disappeared among lowland Filipinos after Christianization in the Spanish era. Various cognates in other non-Filipino Austronesian languages include babalian, bobolian, and bobohizan ( Kadazan-Dusun) wadian ( Ma'anyan) belian ( Iban) belian ( Malay) walen or walyan ( Old Javanese) balian ( Balinese) bolian ( Mongondow) balia ( Uma) wulia or balia ( Bare'e) balia ( Wolio) balian ( Ngaju) and balieng ( Makassar). They are all derived from Proto-Western-Malayo-Polynesian *balian, meaning "shaman" (probably originally female, transvestite, or hermaphroditic) or " medium". The most common native terms for shamans among Austronesian groups in Island Southeast Asia are balian, baylan, or cognates and spelling variants thereof. A ritual of the Iraya Mangyan to prepare land for kaingin ( swidden farming)
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